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What is Ovarian Cancer? Understanding the Causes, Symptoms, and Risk Factors

What is Ovarian Cancer?

Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the ovaries. The ovaries are small organs in a woman’s lower belly. They make eggs and female hormones. Ovarian cancer happens when cells in the ovaries grow out of control. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), this cancer is one of the most common cancers in women. However, early detection can improve treatment outcomes. Many women do not notice symptoms until the cancer has spread. That is why knowing the early signs of ovarian cancer is important.

Common Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer symptoms can be hard to notice at first. Still, some signs may appear as the cancer grows. It is important to pay attention to changes in your body. Early signs of ovarian cancer may include:

  • Bloating or swelling in the belly
  • Pain or pressure in the pelvis or lower belly
  • Feeling full quickly when eating
  • Needing to urinate often or urgently
  • Changes in bowel habits, such as constipation
  • Unexplained weight loss
  • Fatigue or low energy

    • Sometimes, these symptoms can be caused by other health problems. But if they last for more than two weeks, you should talk to your doctor. Early action can make a big difference.

    Causes and Risk Factors

    Doctors do not know the exact cause of ovarian cancer. Yet, certain risk factors can raise your chance of getting it. Knowing these can help you stay aware. Common ovarian cancer risk factors include:

  • Age over 50 years
  • Family history of ovarian, breast, or colon cancer
  • Inherited gene changes, such as BRCA1 or BRCA2
  • Never having been pregnant
  • Starting periods early or menopause late
  • Using hormone replacement therapy for a long time
  • Obesity or being overweight

    • However, having one or more risk factors does not mean you will get ovarian cancer. Many women with risk factors never develop the disease. On the other hand, some women with no known risks may still get it.

    How Ovarian Cancer is Diagnosed

    Doctors use several steps to diagnose ovarian cancer. First, they ask about your symptoms and medical history. Next, they may do a physical exam. If they suspect ovarian cancer, they may order tests such as:

  • Pelvic ultrasound to look at the ovaries
  • Blood tests, including CA-125, which can be higher in ovarian cancer
  • CT scans or MRI to check for tumors
  • Biopsy, where a small tissue sample is taken for testing

    • Early diagnosis is key. Therefore, if you notice any unusual symptoms, see your doctor right away. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends regular check-ups for women at higher risk.

    Treatment Options for Ovarian Cancer

    Treatment for ovarian cancer depends on the stage and type of cancer. Your doctor will suggest the best plan for you. Common ovarian cancer treatment options include:

  • Surgery to remove the tumor or ovaries
  • Chemotherapy, which uses drugs to kill cancer cells
  • Targeted therapy, which attacks specific cancer cells
  • Radiation therapy, though it is less common for ovarian cancer

    • Sometimes, doctors use a mix of these treatments. New treatments and clinical trials may also be available. Always ask your doctor about all your options.

    Prevention and Lifestyle Tips

    While you cannot prevent all cases of ovarian cancer, some steps may lower your risk. For example, you can:

  • Maintain a healthy weight
  • Eat a balanced diet with fruits and vegetables
  • Exercise regularly
  • Discuss your family history with your doctor
  • Consider genetic counseling if you have a strong family history
  • Use birth control pills, which may lower risk (talk to your doctor first)

    • Even though these steps can help, they do not guarantee prevention. Still, healthy habits support your overall well-being.

    When to See a Doctor

    If you notice symptoms like bloating, belly pain, or changes in your bathroom habits, do not ignore them. Especially if these signs last more than two weeks, it is time to see a doctor. Early signs of ovarian cancer can be easy to miss. But quick action can lead to better results. If you have a family history or other risk factors, talk to your doctor about regular check-ups. Your health is important, so never hesitate to ask questions or seek help.

    If you have concerns about ovarian cancer, consult your healthcare professional for advice tailored to your needs.